Outlines

A PERSIA+G chart for all of Chapter 12
 * P || * bureaucracy
 * nomads and nobility are brought under state control
 * scholar gentry brought back into the imperial system (Yangdi)\
 * Turk nomads are used in the military (Tang)
 * power of aristocracy is decreased
 * the political system was made of the imperial family and scholar gentry bureaucracy
 * imperial courts and district level administrations
 * bureau of censors
 * civil service exams; based on Confucian classics and Chinese literature
 * central administration was mainly a handful of prominent families
 * Emperor Xuanzong leads to the decline of the Tang Dynasty; Yang Guifei places her family in the upper levels of government and gained authority in politics --> leads to a revolt --> weak leadership in the dynasty --> peasant revolts --> regional governors and nomadic peoples gain independence
 * (Taizu) Beginning of the Song Dynasty reunites China
 * was weak in dealing with nomads and ends up paying a tribute
 * military was limited to scholar gentry civilians
 * (the south) was the leader in crop production ||
 * E || * lowered taxes (Wendi)
 * conquest of nomads
 * economic conditions worsen (under Emperor Xuanzong during the decline of the Tang)
 * paid tributes to nomadic peoples
 * cheap loans (Song)
 * government assisted irrigation projects (Song)
 * commercial development
 * silk routes in the west
 * contacts with Buddhist and Islamic worlds
 * foreign trade (overseas and overland)
 * commerce and money
 * increased markets
 * first form of paper money established
 * early form of banks are opened ||
 * R || * Buddhism comes into play as it starts to replace Confucianism (during the Period of the Six Dynasties)
 * as the Chinese regained footing the religion turned back to Confucianism
 * ongoing contradictions between Buddhism and Confucianism; while some rulers strongly advocated for Buddhism others were all for the Confucian ways
 * Buddhist monasteries were not taxed
 * Buddhism recieved much persecution; this greatly reduced the number of Buddhist followers ||
 * S || * patriarchal (male dominance)
 * emphasis on rank, obligation and deference
 * performance of rituals, class, gender age were distinctions made among the people
 * urbanized
 * dramatic increase in population
 * seacoast traders and artisans
 * peasants
 * women were excluded from education and had very limited rights. One way that they were limited was through footbinding; they weren't as mobile as other females were. ||
 * I || * technology as well as literary aspects flourish
 * established granaries, which ensures a stable cheap food supply (Wendi)
 * extensive and expensive construction projects (Yangdi)
 * series of canals
 * The Great Wall of China is repaired
 * civil service exams become a routine --> allows successful candidates a better chance for employment
 * Confucian ideas
 * study of the classics
 * libraries are founded
 * Chinese education system focused on generalists rather than specialists; a well-educated citizen would have experience in many different fields, rather than specializing in one
 * educational system is revitalized
 * canals are built- the canals opens ways of transportation, migration and commercials
 * manufactured goods
 * abacus introduced as a modern calculator
 * artisan Bi Sheng invents movable print for written records
 * Chinese junks (ships) as best in world for their time
 * first use of coal as fuel, household chairs, and habit of drinking tea
 * new tools, production methods and weapons
 * Grand Canal, dikes and damns, irrigation systems, bridges (public works)
 * explosive powder, naphtha flamethrowers, poisonous gasses, and rocket launchers ||
 * A || * the arts flourish
 * rice growing
 * ships
 * well stocked market places, parks, restaurants, teahouses and other forms of popular entertainment
 * arts and literature influenced neighboring countries such as Japan and Vietnam
 * chairs
 * short story literature featuring themes like witchcraft, romances, and detective stories
 * poetry focused on natural beauty
 * landscape paintings of Song dynasty, which had metaphors (ex. crane symbolised longevity)
 * tea drinking
 * use of coal for fuel
 * kite flying ||
 * G || * Yangtze Valley and Yangtze River Basin
 * eastern and southern coastal areas
 * extended to the borders of Afghanistan
 * (Tang Empire) stretches into Korea, Tibet, Vietnam and Manchuria ||